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Chur or Coire ( or (:ˈxuːr); (イタリア語:Coira) (:ˈkɔi̯ɾa); (ロマンシュ語:Cuira) (:ˈkwerɐ) or (:ˈkwoi̯rɐ); (フランス語:Coire) (:ˈkwaʁ))〔Others: (ラテン語:CVRIA), ラテン語:CVRIA RHAETORVM and ラテン語:CVRIA RAETORVM〕 is the capital of the Swiss canton of Graubünden and lies in the northern part of the canton. The city, which is located on the right bank of the Rhine River, is reputedly the oldest town of Switzerland. The official language of Chur is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. ==History== Archaeological evidence of settlement at the site, in the Eastern Alps, goes back as far as the Pfyn culture (3900-3500 BC),〔Schibler, J. 2006. The economy and environment of the 4th and 3rd millennia BC in the northern Alpine foreland based on studies of animal bones. Environmental Archaeology 11(1): 49-65〕 making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland. Remains and objects from the Bronze and Iron Ages have been found also in the eastern sector of the current city's centre. The Roman Empire conquered Raetia in 15 BC. Under emperor Diocletian (late 3rd century AD), the existing settlement of ''Curia Raetorum'' was made the capital of the newly established province of Raetia prima.〔(Raetia, Page at Switzerland's Historical Dictionary ) 〕 In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north of the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio〔(Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historial Dictionary ) 〕 in 451 AD. After the invasion of the Ostrogoths, it was rechristened ''Theodoricopolis''; in the 6th century it was conquered by the Franks.〔(Franks, page at Switzerland Historical Dictionary )〕 The city suffered several invasions, by the Magyars in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the Saracens (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine river. The routes had been already used under the Romans but acquired greater importance under the Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Otto I appointed his vassal Hartpert as bishop of Chur in 958, giving the bishopric numerous privileges. In 1170 the bishop became a prince-bishop and kept total control over the road between Chur and Chiavenna. In the 13th century the town had some 1,300 inhabitants, and was surrounded by a line of walls. The Gotteshausbund (League of the House of God) was formed in 1367 in Chur to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. Chur was the chief town of the League and one of the places the Leagues' assemblies met regularly. A burgmeister (mayor) of Chur is first mentioned in 1413, The bishop's residence was attacked by the inhabitants in 1418 and 1422, when a series of concessions were wrung out of him. As the power of the bishops, now increasingly under the influence of the nearby Habsburg County of Tyrol, decreased, in 1464 the citizens wrote a constitution which was adopted as the rule for the local guilds and political positions.The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues. In 1489 Chur obtained the right to have a tribunal of its own, but never had the title of Free Imperial City. Chur adhered to the Reformation in the 16th century, and the Catholic bishopric had to leave the city in 1524. In the same century the German language started to prevail over Romansh. Despite two fires in 1464 and 1574, the city developed economically until the Thirty Years' War, when it was destroyed and struck by plagues. After the Napoleonic Wars, the Three Leagues became the canton of Graubünden in 1803. The guild constitution of the city of Chur lasted until 1839, while in 1874 the ''Burgergemeinde'' was replaced by an ''Einwohnergemeinde''. When Graubünden became a canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Chur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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